Tous connaissent, au moins de nom, les algorithmes de cryptage/décryptage RSA etc et de Hashage MD5 etc
On sait que avec des ordinateurs quantiques, algorithme de SHOR et autres, basé sur les nombres premiers, ces clefs de cryptage seraient "atteignables" en temps machine à valeur contrainte.
La France et les organismes de recherche ( j'en profite pour saluer le nouveau Médaille Fields Français 2022) on été sélectionné des algorithmes par le NIST américain de l'école de mathématique française.
"For general encryption, used when we access secure websites, NIST has selected the CRYSTALS-Kyber algorithm. Among its advantages are comparatively small encryption keys that two parties can exchange easily, as well as its speed of operation.
For digital signatures, often used when we need to verify identities during a digital transaction or to sign a document remotely, NIST has selected the three algorithms CRYSTALS-Dilithium, FALCON and SPHINCS+ (read as “Sphincs plus”). Reviewers noted the high efficiency of the first two, and NIST recommends CRYSTALS-Dilithium as the primary algorithm, with FALCON for applications that need smaller signatures than Dilithium can provide. The third, SPHINCS+, is somewhat larger and slower than the other two, but it is valuable as a backup for one chief reason: It is based on a different math approach than all three of NIST’s other selections.
Three of the selected algorithms are based on a family of math problems called structured lattices, while SPHINCS+ uses hash functions. The additional four algorithms still under consideration are designed for general encryption and do not use structured lattices or hash functions in their approaches."
https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/07/nist-announces-first-four-quantum-resistant-cryptographic-algorithms